Method of Proposal of Wireless Power Transmission System

Early Theories of Electromagnetic Propagation				A system of power distribution with little or
In pre-World War I physics,				no loss would conserve
scientists postulated a number of				energy. It would reduce pollution and expenses
theories to explain the propagation of				resulting from the need
electromagnetic energy through				to generate power to overcome and
the ether. There were three popular theories				compensate for losses in the present
present in the literature				grid system.
of the late 1800's and early 1900's. They				The proposed project would
were:				demonstrate a method of energy
1. Transmission through or along the Earth,				distribution calculated to be 90-94%
2. Propagation as a result of terrestrial				efficient. An electrical
resonances,				distribution system, based on this method
3. Coupling to the ionosphere using				would eliminate the need for
propagation through				an inefficient, costly, and capital intensive grid
electrified gases.				of cables, towers,
We shall concern our examination at				and substations. The system would reduce
this time to the latter two				the cost of electrical energy
theories as they were both used by Dr.				used by the consumer and rid the
Tesla at various times to				landscape of wires, cables, and
explain his system of wireless transmission				transmission towers.
of power. It should be				There are areas of the world where the
noted, however, that the first				need for electrical power
theory was supported by Fritz				exists, yet there is no method for delivering
Lowenstein, the first vice-president of				power. Africa is in need
the Institute of Radio				of power to run pumps to tap into the vast
Engineers, a man who had the enviable				resources of water under the
experience of assisting Dr. Tesla				Sahara Desert. Rural areas, such as
during the Colorado Springs experiments of				those in China, require the
1899. Lowenstein presented				electrical power necessary to bring them into
what came to be known as the "gliding wave"				the 20th century and to
theory of electromagnetic				equal standing with western nations.
radiation and propagation during a lecture				As first proposed by Buckminster Fuller,
before the IRE in 1915.				wireless transmission of
(Fig. 1)				power would enable world wide distribution of
Dr. Tesla delivered lectures to				off peak demand capacity.
the Franklin Institute at				This concept is based on the fact that
Philadelphia, in February, 1983, and to the				some nations, especially the
National Electric Light				United States, have the capacity to generate
Association in St. Louis, in March, 1983,				much more power than is
concerning electromagnetic				needed. This situation is accentuated at
wave propagation. The theory presented in				night. The greatest amount
those lectures proposed that				of power used, the peak demand, is during
the Earth could be considered as a conducting				the day. The extra power
sphere and that it could				available during the night could be sold to the
support a large electrical charge. Dr. Tesla				side of the planet
proposed to disturb the				where it is day time. Considering the huge
charge distribution on the surface of the Earth				capacity of power plants in
and record the period				the United States, this system would provide
of the resulting oscillations as the charge				a saleable product which
returned to its state of				could do much to aid our balance of payments.
equilibrium. The problem of a single charged				MARKET ANALYSIS
sphere had been analyzed				Of the 56 billion dollars spent for
at that time by J.J. Thompson and A.G.				research by the the U.S
Webster in a treatise entitled				government in 1987, 64% was for military
"The Spherical Oscillator." This was the				purposes, only 8% was spent on
beginning of an examination				energy related research. More efficient
of what we may call the science of terrestrial				energy distribution systems
resonances, culminating				and sources are needed by both developed
in the 1950's and 60's with the engineering of				and under developed nations.
VLF radio systems and				In regards to Project Tesla, the market for
Š the research and discoveries of W.O.				wireless power transmission
Schumann and J.R. Waite.				systems is enormous. It has the potential to
The second method of energy				become a multi-billion
propagation proposed by Dr. Tesla was				dollar per year market.
that of the propagation of electrical energy				Š
through electrified gases.				Market Size
Dr. Tesla experimented with the use of high				The increasing demand for electrical
frequency RF currents to				energy in industrial nations is
examine the properties of gases over a wide				well documented. If we include the
range of pressures. It was				demand of third world nations,
determined by Dr. Tesla that air under a				pushed by their increasing rate of growth,
partial vacuum could conduct				we could expect an even
high frequency electrical currents as well or				faster rise in the demand for electrical power in
better than copper wires.				the near future.
If a transmitter could be elevated to a level				In 1971, nine industrialized nations, (with 25
where the air pressure				percent of the world's
was on the order of 75 to 130 millimeters in				population), used 690 million kilowatts, 76
pressure and an excitation				percent of all power
of megavolts was applied, it was theorized				generated. The rest of the world used only
that;				218 million kilowatts. By
"...the air will serve as a conductor for the				comparison, China generated only 17
current produced, and				million kilowatts and India
the latter will be transmitted through the air				generated only 15 million kilowatts (less than
with, it may be, even				two percent each).7 If
less resistance than through an ordinary copper				a conservative assumption was made that the
wire".2 (Fig. 2)				three-quarters of the world
Resonating Planet Earth				which is only using one-quarter of the current
Dr. James T. Corum and Kenneth L. Corum,				power production were to
in chapter two of their soon				eventually consume as much as the first
to be published book, A Tesla Primer, point out				quarter, then an additional 908
a number of statements				million kilowatts will be needed. The demand
made by Dr. Tesla which indicate that he was				for electrical power will
using resonator fields and				continue to increase with the industrialization of
transmission line modes.				the world.
1. When he speaks of tuning his apparatus				Market Projections
until Hertzian radiations				The Energy Information Agency (EIA),
have been eliminated, he is referring to using				based in Washington, D.C.,
ELF vibrations: "...the				reported the 1985 net generation of electric
Hertzian effect has gradually been reduced				power to be 2,489 billion
through the lowering of				kilowatt hours. At a conservative sale price of
frequency."3				$.04 per kilowatt hour
2. "...the energy received does not diminish				that results in a yearly income of 100 billion
with the square of the				dollars. The EIA also
distance, as it should, since the Hertzian				reported that the 1985 capacity according to
radiation propagates in a				generator name plates to
hemisphere."3				be 656,118 million watts. This would result
3. He apparently detected resonator or				in a yearly output of
standing wave modes: "...my				5,740 billion kilowatt hours at 100% utilization.
discovery of the wonderful law governing the				What this means is
movement of electricity				that we use only about 40% of the power
through the globe...the projection of the				we can generate (an excess
wavelengths (measured along				capability of 3,251 billion kilowatt hours).
the surface) on the earth's diameter or				Allowing for down time and maintenance and
axis of symmetry...are all				the fact that the night time
equal."3				off peak load is available, it is possible that
4. "We are living on a conducting globe				half of the excess
surrounded by a thin layer of				power generation capability could be
insulating air, above which is a				utilized. If 1,625 billion
rarefied and conducting				kilowatt hours were sold yearly at $.06
atmosphere...The Hertz waves represent				kilowatt, income would total
energy which is radiated and				9.7 billion dollars.
unrecoverable. The current energy, on the				Project Tesla: Objectives
other hand, is preserved and				The objectives of Project Tesla are
can be recovered, theoretically at least, in its				divided into three areas of
entirety."4				investigation.
As Dr. Corum points out, "The last				1. Demonstration that the Schumann Cavity
sentence seems to indicate that				can be resonated with an
Tesla's Colorado Springs experiments could be				open air, vertical dipole antenna;
properly interpreted as				2. Measurement of power insertion losses;
characteristic of a wave-guide probe in a cavity				3. Measurement of power retrieval losses,
resonator."5 This was				locally and at a distance.
in fact what led Dr. Tesla to report a				Methods
measurement which to this day is				A full size, 51 foot diameter, air core, radio
not understood and has led many to				frequency resonating
erroneously assume that he was				coil and a unique 130 foot tower, insulated 30
dealing with faster than light velocities.				feet above ground, have
The Controversial Measurement;				been constructed and are operational at an
It does not indicate faster than light velocity				elevation of approximately
The mathematical models and experimental				11,000 feet. This system was originally built by
data used by Schumann and				Robert Golka in 1973-
Waite to describe ELF transmission and				1974 and used until 1982 by the United States
propagation are complex and				Air Force at Wendover AFB
beyond the scope of this paper. Dr. James F.				in Wendover, Utah. The USAF used the
Corum, Kenneth L. Corum				coil for simulating natural
and Dr. A-Hamid Aidinejad have,				lightning for testing and hardening fighter
however, in a series of papers				aircraft. The system has a
presented at the 1984 Tesla				capacity of over 600 kilowatts. The coil,
Centennial Symposium and the 1986				which is the largest part
International Tesla Symposium, applied the				of the system, has already been built, tested,
experimental values obtained				and is operational.
by Dr. Tesla during his Colorado Springs				A location at a high altitude is initially
experiments to the models and				advantageous for reducing
equations used by Schumann and Waite.				atmospheric losses which work against an
The results of this exercise				efficient coupling to the
have proved that the Earth and the				Schumann Cavity. The high frequency, high
surrounding atmosphere can be used				voltage output of the coil
as a cavity resonator for the wireless				will be half wave rectified using a uniquely
transmission of electrical				designed single electrode
power. (Fig. 3)				X-ray tube. The X-ray tube will be used to
Dr. Tesla reported that .08484 seconds				charge a 130 ft. tall,
was the time that a pulse				Š vertical tower which will function to
emitted from his laboratory took to				provide a vertical current
propagate to the opposite side of				moment. The mast is topped by a metal
the planet and to return. From this				sphere 30 inches in diameter.
statement many have assumed that				X-rays emitted from the tube will ionize the
Š his transmissions exceeded the speed of				atmosphere between the
light and many esoteric and				Tesla coil and the tower. This will result in a
fallacious theories and publications have been				low resistance path
generated. As Corum and				causing all discharges to flow from the
Aidinejad point out, in their 1986 paper, "The				coil to the tower. A
Transient Propagation of				circulating current of 1,000 amperes in the
ELF Pulses in the Earth Ionosphere Cavity", this				system will create an
measurement represents				ionization and corona causing a large virtual
the coherence time of the Earth cavity				electrical capacitance in
resonator system. This is also				the medium surrounding the sphere. The
known to students of radar systems as a				total charge around the tower
determination of the range				will be in the range of between 200-600
dependent parameter. The				coulombs. Discharging the
accompanying diagrams from Corum's and				tower 7-8 times per second through a fixed
Aidinejad's paper graphically illustrate the point.				or rotary spark gap will
(Fig. 3 & Fig. 4)				create electrical disturbances, which will
We now turn to a description of the				resonantly excite the
methods to be used to build, as				Schumann Cavity, and propagate around the
Dr. Tesla did in 1899, a cavity resonator for the				entire Earth.
wireless transmission				The propagated wave front will be reflected
of electrical power.				from the antipode back to
PROJECT TESLA:				the transmitter site. The reflected wave will
The Wireless Transmission of Electrical Energy				be reinforced and again
Using Schumann Resonance				radiated when it returns to the
It has been proven that electrical energy				transmitter. As a result, an
can be propagated around				oscillation will be established and maintained in
the world between the surface of the				the Schumann Cavity.
Earth and the ionosphere at				The loss of power in the cavity has been
extreme low frequencies in what is known as				estimated to be about 6% per
the Schumann Cavity. The				round trip. If the same amount of power is
Schumann cavity surrounds the Earth				delivered to the cavity on
between ground level and extends				each cycle of oscillation of the transmitter,
upward to a maximum 80 kilometers.				there will be a net
Experiments to date have shown that				energy gain which will result in a net voltage, or
electromagnetic waves of extreme low				amplitude increase.
frequencies in the range of 8 Hz,				This will result in reactive energy storage in the
the fundamental Schumann Resonance				cavity. As long as
frequency, propagate with little				energy is delivered to the cavity, the process
attenuation around the planet within the				will continue until the
Schumann Cavity.				energy is removed by heating, lightning
Knowing that a resonant cavity can be				discharges, or as is proposed
excited and that power can be				by this project, loading by tuned circuits at
delivered to that cavity similar to the methods				distant locations for
used in microwave ovens				power distribution.
for home use, it should be possible to				The resonating cavity field will be detected
resonate and deliver power via				by stations both in the
the Schumann Cavity to any point on				United States and overseas. These will be
Earth. This will result in				staffed by engineers and
practical wireless transmission of electrical				scientists who have agreed to participate in the
power.				experiment.
Background				Measurement of power insertion and
Although it was not until 1954-1959 when				retrieval losses will be made at
experimental measurements				the transmitter site and at distant receiving
were made of the frequency that is				locations. Equipment
propagated in the resonant cavity				constructed especially for measurement of low
surrounding the Earth, recent analysis shows				frequency electromagnetic
that it was Nikola Tesla				waves will be employed to measure the
who, in 1899, first noticed the existence of				effectiveness of using the
stationary waves in the				Schumann Cavity as a means of electrical
Schumann cavity. Tesla's experimental				power distribution. The
measurements of the wave length				detection equipment used by project personnel
and frequency involved closely				will consist of a pick up
match Schumann's theoretical				coil and industry standard low noise, high gain
calculations. Some of these observations were				operational amplifiers
made in 1899 while Tesla				and active band pass filters.
was monitoring the electromagnetic				In addition to project detection there
radiations due to lightning				will be a record of the
discharges in a thunderstorm which passed				experiment recorded by a network of
over his Colorado Springs				monitoring stations that have been
laboratory and then moved more than 200				set up specifically to monitor electromagnetic
miles eastward across the				activity in the Schumann
plains. In his Colorado Springs Notes,				Cavity.
Tesla noted that these				Evaluation Procedure
stationary waves "... can be produced with an				The project will be evaluated by an analysis
oscillator," and added in				of the data provided by
parenthesis, "This is of immense				local and distant measurement stations. The
importance."6 The importance of his				output of the transmitter
observations is due to the support they lend to				will produce a 7-8 Hz sine wave as a result of
the prime objective of				the discharges from the
the Colorado Springs laboratory. The intent of				antenna. The recordings made by
the experiments and the				distant stations will be time
laboratory Tesla had constructed				synchronized to ensure that the data
was to prove that wireless				received is a result of the
transmission of electrical power was possible.				operation of the transmitter.
Schumann Resonance is analogous to				Power insertion and retrieval losses will
pushing a pendulum. The intent of				be analyzed after the
Project Tesla is to create pulses or electrical				measurements taken during the transmission
disturbances that would				are recorded. Attenuation,
travel in all directions around the Earth in the				field strength, and cavity Q will be calculated
thin membrane of non-				using the equations
conductive air between the ground and the				presented in Dr. Corum's papers. These
ionosphere. The pulses or				papers are noted in the
waves would follow the surface of the Earth in				references. If recorded results indicate
all directions expanding				power can be efficiently
outward to the maximum circumference				coupled into or transmitted in the Schumann
of the Earth and contracting				Cavity, a second phase of
inward until meeting at a point opposite to				research involving power reception will be
that of the transmitter.				initiated.
This point is called the anti-pode. The				Environmental Considerations
traveling waves would be				The extreme low frequencies (ELF),
reflected back from the anti-pode to the				present in the environment have
transmitter to be reinforced				several origins. The time varying magnetic
and sent out again.				fields produced as a result
Š				of solar and lunar influences on ionospheric
At the time of his measurements Tesla				currents are on the order
was experimenting with and				of 30 nanoteslas. The largest time varying
researching methods for "...power				fields are those generated
transmission and transmission of				by solar activity and thunderstorms. These
intelligible messages to any point on the				magnetic fields reach a
globe." Although Tesla was				maximum of 0.5 microteslas (uT) The
not able to commercially market a system to				magnetic fields produced as a
transmit power around the				result of lightning discharges in the Schumann
globe, modern scientific theory and				Cavity peak at 7, 14, 20
mathematical calculations support				and 26 Hz. The magnetic flux densities
his contention that the wireless propagation				associated with these resonant
of electrical power is				frequencies vary from 0.25 to 3.6
possible and a feasible alternative to the				picoteslas. per root hertz
extensive and costly grid of				(pT/Hz1/2).
electrical transmission lines used today				Exposure to man made sources of ELF
for electrical power				can be up to 1 billion (1000
distribution.				million or 1 x 109) times stronger than that
The Need for a Wireless System of Energy				of naturally occurring
Transmission				fields. Household appliances operated at 60
A great concern has been voiced in recent				Hz can produce fields as
years over the extensive				high as 2.5 mT. The field under a 765 kV, 60
use of energy, the limited supply of				Hz power line carrying 1
resources, and the pollution of				amp per phase is 15 uT. ELF antennae
the environment from the use of present				systems that are used for
energy conversion systems.				submarine communication produce fields
Electrical power accounts for much of the				of 20 uT. Video display
energy consumed. Much of this				terminals produce fields of 2 uT, 1,000,000
power is wasted during transmission from				times the strength of the
power plant generators to the				Schumann Resonance frequencies.9
consumer. The resistance of the wire				Project Tesla will use a 150 kw generator
used in the electrical grid				to excite the Schumann
distribution system causes a loss of 26-30%				cavity. Calculations predict that the field
of the energy generated.				strength due to this
This loss implies that our present system of				excitation at 7.8 Hz will be on the order of 46
electrical distribution is				picoteslas.
only 70-74% efficient.

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Method of Proposal of Wireless Power Transmission System